Use the field calculator and regular expressions (or regex). Create a new field "track_direction" as integer, use the calculator, as formula use
to_int(regexp_substr( "description" , 'track_direction: (\\d+) degrees'))This will extract a substring from the column "description" using the regular expression 'track_direction: (\\d+) degrees'. The double backslash is quoting necessary for QGIS, not part of the regex.
The regex says "find the string 'track_direction: ', then find and capture one or more digits, then find the string ' degrees'. Return the captured characters".
Then repeat that for all your fields. As this is a one-off conversion doing this manually for each of the 15 field is OK.
Note that you have to change the data type for some of your fields and then also remove the to_int call, or replace with to_real or others.
See https://dev.to/sandricoprovo/an-intro-to-regex-s-in-under-5-minutes-6lh for a regex introduction.
See https://regex101.com/ for a online regex tester, which is very handy to use. https://regex101.com/r/zXGqqp/1 is a simple start with some data added.
